INFORMATION WAR
Benita Martis
WAR PERCEPTION AND PROPAGANDA IN SOCIAL NETWORKS USING THE EXAMPLE OF TIKTOK
The media production of war images may determine the users individual attitudes and behavior towards war. Influencers on TikTok thus have an active political impact that goes beyond social media. In addition, the platform plays a significant role in the Ukrainian war due to its high reach. Ukrainian influencers often show very personal and direct insights into the everyday life of this war, while some Russian influencers spread state propaganda. They are Putin’s digital fighters in the information war, while TikTok is a strategic tool for spreading propaganda of autocratic regimes like Russia.
HUMAN OR MACHINE – A CLASSIC
The recycling of algorithmic interpretations through re-compositions in text and image, shows varying degrees of artificial „intelligence“. Large pre-trained AI textgenerators (LLM), such as GPT-3, are capable of generating propagandistic texts that at first glance can hardly be distinguished from human-written propaganda. Only on closer inspection do syntactic and semantic errors point to their artifocial origin. The training data of an AI are of great importance, as they often show problematic characteristics, such as derogatory references towards marginalized groups, as well as the reinforcement of stereotypes. Di erent social groupings and their behaviors thus produce differentiated learning data for the algorithms, leading to subtle but highly questionable text generation processes. Computer-generated images, on the other hand, contain obvious errors and distortions; their reception is very different from our usual perception, or photographic images. But we are at a turning point. It is already possible to generate deceptively real images and videos with little effort, which favors entirely new and faster ways of spreading propaganda (f.ex. Deepfakes) virally on social networks. AI-supported tools for image and text generation are becoming a powerful political instrument.
VEILED IN POP CULTURAL AESTHETICS
The images to be seen are stills from TikTok videos under the hashtags related to the war in Ukraine (such as #saveukraine #russia #stopwar) from female influencers. An algorithmic categorization by hashtag, VideoID and SoundID forms the basis for the artwork with the videos. Here, a commercial Image-recognition software from the company clarifai is labeling the Video-Stills afterwards.
Such Start Up Companies selling services with their AI-Apps that have „learned“ to describe images in detail. These algorithms are also applied in social networks, for example to filter violent content. However, TikTok videos often obscure what is being viewed due to their pop-cultural aesthetic transmissibility. Not only for human viewing, but also for the AI image recognition techniques just described. Bombed houses in the background of a Ukrainian war-influencer, for example, are not recognized as such.
Using a Russian version of the DALL-E image generator (ruDALL-E) and based on the previously collected algorithmic image descriptions, the „new“ artificial female Influencers are created. The model for the Russian AI is DALL-E from OpenAi and Microsoft, like already described above, one of the first AI’s that generates realistic images from short prompts. The differences between Western and Russian algorithms and datasets are deliberately exploited here. Through the associated hashtag of the original video, a direct link is established between social networks and the generated images.
AM I ALLOWED TO DO THAT?
In this context, the decisive question arises as to how far art may make use of images of war in order to have an impact on society. The alienation of war images through the pop-cultural aesthetics of influencers is contrasted with the equally alienating aesthetics of AI algorithms. Through the experience of difference with AI-generated images, the project appeals to our self-reflection in order to enable a critical consideration of our interaction with social networks in times of war.
WHAT HAPPENS NEXT
The artistic exploration is updated and documented on this page. The collected materials will be analyzed under other aspects, such as soldiers or the city. Different media, methods and ways of presentation will be included.
THIS IS IMPORTANT FOR ME
To name a few sources, there are also links to places for fact-based investigative journalism.PROPAGANDA UND KRIEGSWAHRNEHMUNG IN SOZIALEN NETZWERKEN AM BEISPIEL TIKTOK
Die mediale Produktion von Kriegsbildern kann die individuelle Einstellung und das Verhalten gegenüber dem Krieg mitbestimmen. Influencer*innen auf TikTok wird somit eine aktive politische Handlungs- und Wirkkraft zuteil, die über die sozialen Medien hinaus geht. Zudem spielt die Plattform aufgrund der hohen Reichweite eine signifikante Rolle im Ukraine-Krieg. Ukrainische Influencer*innen zeigen dort häufig sehr persönliche und unmittelbare Einblicke in den Kriegsalltag, einige russische Influencer*innen hingegen verbreiten staatliche Propaganda. Sie sind Putins digitale Kämpfer*innen im Informationskrieg, TikTok wiederum ein strategisches Mittel zur Verbreitung von Propaganda autokratischer Regime wie Russland.
MENSCH ODER MASCHINE – EIN KLASSIKER
Die Wiederverwertung algorithmischer Interpretationen durch Neu Zusammensetzungen in Text und Bild, weist unterschiedlich starke Spuren der künstlichen „Intelligenz“ auf. Große vortrainierte KI-Textgeneratoren, wie bspw. GPT-3 sind dazu in der Lage, propagandistische Texte zu generieren, die auf den ersten Blick kaum von menschlich geschriebener Propaganda zu unterscheiden sind. Erst bei genauerer Betrachtung verweisen syntaktische und semantische Fehler auf ihre Synthetizität. Von großer Bedeutung sind die Trainingsdaten einer KI, da diese oft problematische Eigenschaften aufweisen, wie beispielsweise abwertende Bezüge gegenüber marginalisierten Gruppen, als auch die Verstärkung von Stereotypen. Verschiedene gesellschaftliche Gruppierungen und deren Verhaltensweisen produzieren somit differente Lerndaten für die Algorithmen und führen zu subtilen, jedoch sehr bedenklichen Textgenerierungsprozessen. Vom Computer generierte Bilder hingegen enthalten offensichtliche Fehler und Verzerrungen, sie unterscheiden sich in ihrer Rezeption stark von unserer gewohnten Wahrnehmung, bzw. fotografischen Abbildungen. Doch wir stehen an einem Wendepunkt. Bereits heute ist es möglich mit wenig Aufwand auch Bilder und Videos täuschend echt zu generieren, was gänzlich neue und schnellere Möglichkeiten der viralen Verbreitung von Propaganda in sozialen Netzwerken begünstigt. KI-gestützte Tools zur Bild- und Textgenerierung werden somit zu einem starken politischen Instrument.
VERSCHLEIERT IN POPKULTURELLER ÄSTHETIK
Die zu sehenden Bilder gehören alle zur Kategorie der Influencerinnen. Basis hiervon sind TikTok Videos unter den Hashtags zum Krieg in der Ukraine (wie z.B. #saveukraine #russia #stopwar). Eine algorithmische Kategorisierung nach Hashtag, VideoID und SoundID bildet die Grundlage für die Arbeit mit den Videos. Ein Programm erstellt hierbei ein Standbild aus jedem Video, welches von einer Image Labeling KI beschrieben wird. Dies sind meist kommerzielle KIs, die „gelernt“ haben Bilder detailliert zu beschreiben. Diese Algorithmen werden auch in sozialen Netzwerken angewandt, um beispielsweise gewaltsame Inhalte zu filtern. TikTok Videos verschleiern durch ihre pop-kulturelle ästhetische Übertragbarkeit jedoch häufig das zu Sehende. Nicht nur für menschliche Betrachtungsweisen, auch für die eben beschriebenen KI-Bildererkennungsverfahren. Zerbombte Häuser im Hintergrund einer ukrainischen Kriegs-Influencerin z.B. werden nicht als diese erkannt. Mit der russischen Version des DALL-E Bildgenerators und auf Basis der zuvor gesammelten algorithmischen Bildbeschreibungen entstehen die generierten Influencerinnen. Vorbild für die russische KI ist DALL-E von OpenAi und Microsoft. DALL-E ist eine der ersten großen KIs, welche aus kurzen Texten realistische Bilder generiert. Die Differenzen zwischen westlichen und russischen Algorithmen werden hierbei also bewusst genutzt. Durch den zugehörigen Hashtag des originalen Videos wird ein direkter Bezug zwischen sozialen Netzwerken und den künstlichen Influencerinnen hergestellt.
DARF ICH DAS?
Es stellt sich die in diesem Kontext entscheidende Frage, wie weit Kunst sich an Kriegsbildern bedienen darf, um gesellschaftliche Wirkkraft zu entfalten. Der Verfremdung der Kriegsbilder durch pop-kulturelle Ästhetik der Influencer*innen wird die gleichfalls verfremdende Ästhetik der KI-Algorithmen gegenübergestellt. Durch die Differenzerfahrungen mit KI-generierten Bildern appelliert das Projekt an unsere Selbstreflexion, um so eine kritische Betrachtung unseres Umgangs mit den sozialen Netzwerken zu ermöglichen.
WIE ES WEITER GEHT
Die künstlerische Auseinandersetzung wird auf dieser Seite aktualisiert und dokumentiert. Unter weiteren Aspekten wie z.B. Soldat*innen oder Stadt werden die gesammelten Materialien durchleuchtet. Unterschiedliche Medien, Methoden und Präsentationsarten werden einbezogen.
DAS IST (MIR) WICHTIG!
Um auch ein paar Quellen zu nennen, sind hier unter anderem Anlaufstellen für faktenbasierten Investigativ Journalismus verlinkt.HASHTAG | VIDEO ID | KI LABELING
#russia | 6684552719530724614 | fashion dress woman portrait one wear adult people model indoors fashionable girl skirt gown glamour luxury wedding bride room dressing room |
#russia | 6741342386653269253 | portrait people wear two woman man jacket child indoors fashion adult eyeglasses sweater togetherness eyewear sunglasses family business horizontal couple |
#ukraine | 6920654630510660865 | woman cute fashion pretty glamour lips portrait health fun girl adult young eye people enjoyment sexy lipstick teeth healthcare adolescent |
#russia | 6958234607913372933 | people portrait indoors adult woman facial expression horizontal happiness child wear one adolescent window enjoyment relaxation headshot side view confidence contemplation vertical |
#peace | 6980598114415693082 | adult people indoors portrait horizontal woman headshot facial expression happiness enjoyment vertical window contemplation wear relaxation technology side view outdoors concentration child |
#prowar | 7051342006777433350 | portrait people indoors adult horizontal facial expression woman vertical happiness headshot child adolescent confidence wear cheerful enjoyment red carpet contemplation actress education |
#standwithukraine | 7055707658023652654 | portrait people woman adult one girl child beautiful young happiness fun youth recreation cute face wear lifestyle leisure indoors person |
#ukraine | 7056782971713441025 | people adult child woman two man outdoors wear portrait side view festival horizontal music city enjoyment ceremony street performance uniform indoors |
#saveukraine | 7063821138668883205 | portrait people vertical adult woman headshot indoors contemplation facial expression horizontal cheerful happiness fashion adolescent sadness dress child individuality confidence finery |
#saveukraine | 7066198028968905986 | people portrait adult woman vertical headshot fashion adolescent indoors horizontal contemplation sadness facial expression happiness long individuality serious model cheerful look |
#russianwar | 7068165221273357615 | portrait people woman adult facial expression fashion headshot indoors one horizontal blond vertical actress adolescent promotion model glamour contemplation wear sign |
#putin | 7068232341231127855 | people portrait adult vertical fashion headshot woman actress indoors facial expression horizontal sweater confidence red carpet jacket happiness actor movie cheerful necklace |
#saveukraine | 7068257601326288133 | people portrait adult vertical facial expression woman indoors actress actor movie fashion horizontal red carpet headshot sign recreation festival editorial wear ceremony |
#russianwar | 7068290507268640047 | people portrait adult man one outdoors wear veil facial expression lid military war looking jacket fashion music cap woman eyewear vertical |
#russianwar | 7068295514671910191 | portrait people one facial expression adult woman fashion wear actress blond happiness model adolescent eye movie indoors face actor girl profile |
#ukrainewar | 7068387835941768450 | portrait people adult one facial expression woman wear fashion music actress blond indoors jewelry singer hairdo musician necklace red carpet knitwear happiness |
#peace | 7068388536487120134 | vertical people portrait indoors horizontal adult party nightclub celebration headshot music outdoors fashion woman nightlife communication stock illuminated light exhilaration |
#stopwar | 7068388771854634245 | people adult woman portrait dark side view one profile indoors contemplation adolescent sadness fashion solitude shadow music horizontal facial expression mystery light |
#saveukraine | 7068408128232066305 | portrait people hood adult one wear veil child headshot lid sweatshirt vertical fashion facial expression adolescent serious headscarf indoors jacket youth |
#russia | 7068502149226925339 | people man woman adult side view child indoors love portrait horizontal two family profile outdoors wear security movie shadow looking baby |
#saveukraine | 7068586421572947206 | portrait people adult vertical indoors headshot child horizontal contemplation education serious woman facial expression adolescent sadness happiness man business confidence school |
#stopwar | 7068736165905534209 | portrait face woman girl beautiful young people fashion skin lips glamour adult eye model pretty cute hair one sexy lipstick |
#russianwar | 7068794540051762478 | portrait people adult actress woman facial expression editorial fashion movie indoors actor blond vertical recreation headshot red carpet arrival wear horizontal dress |
#russianwar | 7068827618971471150 | portrait one woman blond facial expression fashion people adult actress model girl wear red carpet arrival eye movie glamour hair fashionable face |
#russianwar | 7069161857885506862 | portrait people facial expression adult one woman indoors vertical child actress fashion adolescent happiness headshot wear horizontal blond editorial girl movie |
#russianwar | 7069207562465332526 | portrait people one adult facial expression woman child indoors adolescent actress wear recreation music movie fashion vertical happiness sadness girl musician |
#ukraine | 7069462960481094917 | people portrait adult headshot vertical horizontal child woman content adolescent indoors contemplation serious man communication facial expression focus sadness happiness individuality |
#russianwar | 7069561843248844075 | portrait one people woman adult facial expression wear actress fashion model girl movie indoors adolescent happiness fashionable blond youth brunette actor |
#russianwar | 7069567785818393899 | portrait one people woman adult facial expression girl model fashion wear face happiness blond actress brunette adolescent youth fashionable beautiful indoors |
#stopwar | 7069714258161863942 | indoors horizontal people horizontal plane vertical furniture chair bed sit business window family absence adult side view house sleep bedroom travel child |
#russianwar | 7069941767184960810 | people portrait woman one adult facial expression fashion wear blond actress girl adolescent necklace dress model recreation movie music eye indoors |
#prowar | 7070144751214939398 | portrait people adult horizontal child headshot vertical woman sadness indoors facial expression adolescent serious contemplation staring fashion looking one content actor |
#stopwar | 7070909402252905734 | outdoors people adult portrait woman vertical horizontal street city winter fall window house happiness contemplation sit coat tree weather rain |
#russianwar | 7071016962238909742 | portrait people adult woman facial expression happiness wear fashion girl one hood adolescent child cute fun indoors winter young leisure cold |
#proputin | 7071105817151393029 | horizontal people adult outdoors vertical woman portrait headshot communication indoors fashion technology focus cheerful business transportation system looking happiness fun enjoyment |
#stopwar | 7071245085513452805 | people adult portrait woman outdoors one winter wear coat window city street man happiness facial expression daylight horizontal jacket outerwear fall |
#ukraine | 7071270332891483397 | adult people portrait indoors woman horizontal business office happiness technology wear man communication sitting contemplation facial expression telephone one headshot looking |
#russianwar | 7072401958086135045 | people portrait red carpet adult woman one facial expression wear movie actress recreation fashion music indoors sit musician editorial necklace cinema singer |
#ukrainewar | 7072694004160138502 | portrait outdoors people winter woman vertical adult fashion scarf nature adolescent jacket happiness headshot horizontal fun cute fall individuality cold |
#stopwar | 7073360363248471301 | indoors people horizontal preparation woman adult cooking pan apron vertical chef happiness portrait cheerful family stove job food cookware service |
#stopwar | 7074990493641346309 | portrait adult people woman one facial expression model fashion girl hairdo happiness fashionable face brunette wear punk indoors hair youth eye |
#russianwar | 7075133096248495402 | portrait people woman one adult facial expression fashion blond actress girl model hair movie wear eye face music beautiful glamour recreation |
#standwithukraine | 7075432966083628293 | portrait fashion people adult wear lid woman veil one costume kimono geisha dress model headscarf retro jewelry traditional facial expression singer |
#stopwar | 7076223814593481989 | people horizontal woman adult vertical portrait outdoors headshot fashion indoors contemplation happiness cheerful enjoyment relaxation adolescent fun wind child freedom |
#standwithukraine | 7078098178947452203 | vertical people adult text portrait woman indoors number communication presentation World Wide Web business preparation identity horizontal sign focus fashion education displayed |
#standwithukraine | 7079370024187874606 | people adult indoors vertical horizontal portrait woman athlete sport midsection headshot outdoors competition effort strength wear facial expression concentration determination sportsman |
#standwithukraine | 7079431787331702062 | people indoors adult woman portrait horizontal relaxation vertical anticipation sit contemplation confidence happiness wear business side view sweater one fashion looking |
#butscha | 7082737017364155654 | people woman adult portrait indoors cheerful sweater business horizontal happiness vertical communication sign fashion fun joy surprise relaxation cute looking |
#bucha | 7082774451250613510 | woman people adult portrait side view indoors vertical outdoors blur mystery dark one horizontal fashion window profile shadow fantasy nude art |
#standwithukraine | 7082877122401930539 | vertical people adult portrait indoors headshot horizontal communication child content woman text focus contemplation outdoors timidity side view concentration headscarf confidence |
#bucha | 7083176032584387845 | portrait fashion blond people woman hair adult hairdo glamour long facial expression actress one model eye headshot girl sexy dress vertical |
#ukrainewar | 7083522850988002565 | people portrait sign adult vertical red carpet horizontal actress woman promotion facial expression dress editorial indoors actor film festival movie cinema hotel wear |