INFORMATION WAR

Benita Martis

WAR PERCEPTION AND PROPAGANDA IN SOCIAL NETWORKS USING THE EXAMPLE OF TIKTOK

The media production of war images may determine the users individual attitudes and behavior towards war. Influencers on TikTok thus have an active political impact that goes beyond social media. In addition, the platform plays a significant role in the Ukrainian war due to its high reach. Ukrainian influencers often show very personal and direct insights into the everyday life of this war, while some Russian influencers spread state propaganda. They are Putin’s digital fighters in the information war, while TikTok is a strategic tool for spreading propaganda of autocratic regimes like Russia.

HUMAN OR MACHINE – A CLASSIC

The recycling of algorithmic interpretations through re-compositions in text and image, shows varying degrees of artificial „intelligence“. Large pre-trained AI textgenerators (LLM), such as GPT-3, are capable of generating propagandistic texts that at first glance can hardly be distinguished from human-written propaganda. Only on closer inspection do syntactic and semantic errors point to their artifocial origin. The training data of an AI are of great importance, as they often show problematic characteristics, such as derogatory references towards marginalized groups, as well as the reinforcement of stereotypes. Di erent social groupings and their behaviors thus produce differentiated learning data for the algorithms, leading to subtle but highly questionable text generation processes. Computer-generated images, on the other hand, contain obvious errors and distortions; their reception is very different from our usual perception, or photographic images. But we are at a turning point. It is already possible to generate deceptively real images and videos with little effort, which favors entirely new and faster ways of spreading propaganda (f.ex. Deepfakes) virally on social networks. AI-supported tools for image and text generation are becoming a powerful political instrument.

VEILED IN POP CULTURAL AESTHETICS

The images to be seen are stills from TikTok videos under the hashtags related to the war in Ukraine (such as #saveukraine #russia #stopwar) from female influencers. An algorithmic categorization by hashtag, VideoID and SoundID forms the basis for the artwork with the videos. Here, a commercial Image-recognition software from the company clarifai is labeling the Video-Stills afterwards.

Such Start Up Companies selling services with their AI-Apps that have „learned“ to describe images in detail. These algorithms are also applied in social networks, for example to filter violent content. However, TikTok videos often obscure what is being viewed due to their pop-cultural aesthetic transmissibility. Not only for human viewing, but also for the AI image recognition techniques just described. Bombed houses in the background of a Ukrainian war-influencer, for example, are not recognized as such.

Using a Russian version of the DALL-E image generator (ruDALL-E) and based on the previously collected algorithmic image descriptions, the „new“ artificial female Influencers are created. The model for the Russian AI is DALL-E from OpenAi and Microsoft, like already described above, one of the first AI’s that generates realistic images from short prompts. The differences between Western and Russian algorithms and datasets are deliberately exploited here. Through the associated hashtag of the original video, a direct link is established between social networks and the generated images.

AM I ALLOWED TO DO THAT?

In this context, the decisive question arises as to how far art may make use of images of war in order to have an impact on society. The alienation of war images through the pop-cultural aesthetics of influencers is contrasted with the equally alienating aesthetics of AI algorithms. Through the experience of difference with AI-generated images, the project appeals to our self-reflection in order to enable a critical consideration of our interaction with social networks in times of war.

WHAT HAPPENS NEXT

The artistic exploration is updated and documented on this page. The collected materials will be analyzed under other aspects, such as soldiers or the city. Different media, methods and ways of presentation will be included.

THIS IS IMPORTANT FOR ME

To name a few sources, there are also links to places for fact-based investigative journalism.

PROPAGANDA UND KRIEGSWAHRNEHMUNG IN SOZIALEN NETZWERKEN AM BEISPIEL TIKTOK

Die mediale Produktion von Kriegsbildern kann die individuelle Einstellung und das Verhalten gegenüber dem Krieg mitbestimmen. Influencer*innen auf TikTok wird somit eine aktive politische Handlungs- und Wirkkraft zuteil, die über die sozialen Medien hinaus geht. Zudem spielt die Plattform aufgrund der hohen Reichweite eine signifikante Rolle im Ukraine-Krieg. Ukrainische Influencer*innen zeigen dort häufig sehr persönliche und unmittelbare Einblicke in den Kriegsalltag, einige russische Influencer*innen hingegen verbreiten staatliche Propaganda. Sie sind Putins digitale Kämpfer*innen im Informationskrieg, TikTok wiederum ein strategisches Mittel zur Verbreitung von Propaganda autokratischer Regime wie Russland.

MENSCH ODER MASCHINE – EIN KLASSIKER

Die Wiederverwertung algorithmischer Interpretationen durch Neu Zusammensetzungen in Text und Bild, weist unterschiedlich starke Spuren der künstlichen „Intelligenz“ auf. Große vortrainierte KI-Textgeneratoren, wie bspw. GPT-3 sind dazu in der Lage, propagandistische Texte zu generieren, die auf den ersten Blick kaum von menschlich geschriebener Propaganda zu unterscheiden sind. Erst bei genauerer Betrachtung verweisen syntaktische und semantische Fehler auf ihre Synthetizität. Von großer Bedeutung sind die Trainingsdaten einer KI, da diese oft problematische Eigenschaften aufweisen, wie beispielsweise abwertende Bezüge gegenüber marginalisierten Gruppen, als auch die Verstärkung von Stereotypen. Verschiedene gesellschaftliche Gruppierungen und deren Verhaltensweisen produzieren somit differente Lerndaten für die Algorithmen und führen zu subtilen, jedoch sehr bedenklichen Textgenerierungsprozessen. Vom Computer generierte Bilder hingegen enthalten offensichtliche Fehler und Verzerrungen, sie unterscheiden sich in ihrer Rezeption stark von unserer gewohnten Wahrnehmung, bzw. fotografischen Abbildungen. Doch wir stehen an einem Wendepunkt. Bereits heute ist es möglich mit wenig Aufwand auch Bilder und Videos täuschend echt zu generieren, was gänzlich neue und schnellere Möglichkeiten der viralen Verbreitung von Propaganda in sozialen Netzwerken begünstigt. KI-gestützte Tools zur Bild- und Textgenerierung werden somit zu einem starken politischen Instrument.

VERSCHLEIERT IN POPKULTURELLER ÄSTHETIK

Die zu sehenden Bilder gehören alle zur Kategorie der Influencerinnen. Basis hiervon sind TikTok Videos unter den Hashtags zum Krieg in der Ukraine (wie z.B. #saveukraine #russia #stopwar). Eine algorithmische Kategorisierung nach Hashtag, VideoID und SoundID bildet die Grundlage für die Arbeit mit den Videos. Ein Programm erstellt hierbei ein Standbild aus jedem Video, welches von einer Image Labeling KI beschrieben wird. Dies sind meist kommerzielle KIs, die „gelernt“ haben Bilder detailliert zu beschreiben. Diese Algorithmen werden auch in sozialen Netzwerken angewandt, um beispielsweise gewaltsame Inhalte zu filtern. TikTok Videos verschleiern durch ihre pop-kulturelle ästhetische Übertragbarkeit jedoch häufig das zu Sehende. Nicht nur für menschliche Betrachtungsweisen, auch für die eben beschriebenen KI-Bildererkennungsverfahren. Zerbombte Häuser im Hintergrund einer ukrainischen Kriegs-Influencerin z.B. werden nicht als diese erkannt. Mit der russischen Version des DALL-E Bildgenerators und auf Basis der zuvor gesammelten algorithmischen Bildbeschreibungen entstehen die generierten Influencerinnen. Vorbild für die russische KI ist DALL-E von OpenAi und Microsoft. DALL-E ist eine der ersten großen KIs, welche aus kurzen Texten realistische Bilder generiert. Die Differenzen zwischen westlichen und russischen Algorithmen werden hierbei also bewusst genutzt. Durch den zugehörigen Hashtag des originalen Videos wird ein direkter Bezug zwischen sozialen Netzwerken und den künstlichen Influencerinnen hergestellt.

DARF ICH DAS?

Es stellt sich die in diesem Kontext entscheidende Frage, wie weit Kunst sich an Kriegsbildern bedienen darf, um gesellschaftliche Wirkkraft zu entfalten. Der Verfremdung der Kriegsbilder durch pop-kulturelle Ästhetik der Influencer*innen wird die gleichfalls verfremdende Ästhetik der KI-Algorithmen gegenübergestellt. Durch die Differenzerfahrungen mit KI-generierten Bildern appelliert das Projekt an unsere Selbstreflexion, um so eine kritische Betrachtung unseres Umgangs mit den sozialen Netzwerken zu ermöglichen. 

WIE ES WEITER GEHT

Die künstlerische Auseinandersetzung wird auf dieser Seite aktualisiert und dokumentiert. Unter weiteren Aspekten wie z.B. Soldat*innen oder Stadt werden die gesammelten Materialien durchleuchtet. Unterschiedliche Medien, Methoden und Präsentationsarten werden einbezogen.

DAS IST (MIR) WICHTIG!

Um auch ein paar Quellen zu nennen, sind hier unter anderem Anlaufstellen für faktenbasierten Investigativ Journalismus verlinkt.

HASHTAG | VIDEO ID | KI LABELING

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